A review on the role of glutamate and glutamine in modern swine production

Abstract

This article provides an in-depth analysis of contemporary advancements in the application of glutamate and glutamine in swine nutrition, emphasizing their pivotal roles in supporting metabolic processes, immune function, and gut health. Special attention is given to the functional properties of these amino acids, which enhance animal performance, reduce stress during critical periods such as weaning and transportation, and improve metabolic adaptation to adverse conditions. The paper examines their effects on the intestinal barrier, highlighting their ability to mitigate inflammation, stimulate epithelial regeneration, and maintain gut microbiota homeostasis. A substantial portion of the article explores the integration of glutamate and glutamine into low-protein diets, which allow the maintenance of productivity while reducing the environmental impact of swine farming by lowering nitrogen emissions. Research findings demonstrate that supplementation with these amino acids enhances post-weaning piglet performance, decreases diarrhea incidence, and strengthens immunity by activating specific immune cells and reducing levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Additionally, the potential of glutamate and glutamine as alternatives to antibiotics is emphasized, given their ability to reduce the risk of infectious diseases while improving overall gut health and function. The article also evaluates the incorporation of these amino acids into the “ideal protein” concept, focusing on achieving a balanced ratio of essential and non-essential amino acids. This balance ensures optimal growth and health of swine and aligns with sustainable production practices. Insights are provided on the impact of these compounds across different age groups, and particular attention is given to their role in minimizing stress-related behavioral and physiological disruptions. However, the paper identifies gaps in the current understanding, particularly concerning the risks of overdosage, potential side effects, and the long-term implications of glutamate and glutamine supplementation. These aspects are critical for ensuring safe and effective integration into feeding regimes. Furthermore, the need for future research to establish precise dosage thresholds and explore their metabolic effects under diverse farming conditions is emphasized. The findings presented in this article underscore the multifaceted benefits of glutamate and glutamine supplementation in swine nutrition. These amino acids offer promising avenues for advancing modern, sustainable pig production practices by supporting metabolic health, enhancing immune responses, and reducing environmental impacts. This review highlights the importance of continued exploration and innovation in their application to address the evolving needs of the swine industry.