Scientific journal "Scientific Progress & Innovations" is included in the "List of scientific professional editions of Ukraine" Category B, in which the results of thesis papers for Doctor of Sciences, Candidate of Sciences, and Ph.D degrees in agricultural, veterinary, and technical sciences can be published (Order of the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine №409 dated 17.03.2020 and №886 dated 02.07.2020). The journal is published four times a year. FOUNDER – Poltava State Agrarian University. Has been issued since December 1998.
Полтавський державний аграрний університет
Mechatronic colorimetric system for measuring operational degradation of engine oil as a means to enhance the reliability of motor vehicles
The article presents the results of a study on the operational degradation of engine oil under the working conditions of internal combustion engines (ICE) used in agricultural and automotive machinery, where the operating environment is classified as particularly severe: high air dustiness, irregular loads, frequent engine starts, and extended idling periods. These factors accelerate the wear of friction pairs, deteriorate lubricating properties, and reduce the overall reliability of power units. Existing maintenance regulations do not consider real operating conditions, which creates the need for inter-schedule monitoring of oil condition – possible only through technical measurements and digital analysis of degradation parameters. The aim of the research is to develop a methodology and conduct experiments to determine the resource indicators of engine oil based on color change using colorimetric equipment equipped with mechatronic system elements. The study is based on comparing the color of fresh oil with that of oil after operational wear. RGB/HSL colorimetry tools and statistical processing were applied. A laboratory setup was developed based on the STM32H747XI microcontroller and the TCS3472 color sensor, enabling the detection of oil color changes and evaluation of its degradation linked to engine operating hours. Calibration was performed between reference samples and boundary conditions corresponding to the full service interval. The investigation of VAG Special G 5W-40 engine oil (BSE engine) over 400 engine hours demonstrated a stable functional dependence between impurity saturation and engine runtime. The average increase in contamination confirmed a reliable correlation between color variation and actual wear of friction components. The proposed methodology enables inter-schedule monitoring of engine oil condition and prediction of optimal replacement timing based on real operating conditions. The practical significance of the study lies in the increased reliability of ICE, reduced maintenance costs, and prevention of premature equipment failures. The proposed mechatronic colorimetric system can be integrated into service centers and precision farming systems as a component of digital diagnostics of machine technical condition.
Copyright (c) 2025 Scientific Progress & Innovations https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Agroecological aspects of the application of growth regulators in the cultivation of spring barley
Against the backdrop of global climate change, the formation of high productivity of grain crops requires effective implementation of measures that ensure high physiological stability, minimize the effects of environmental stress factors, and promote optimal plant growth and development throughout the growing season. Among the numerous tools used in crop cultivation technologies to increase yield and improve product quality, plant growth regulators occupy a prominent place. Currently, both scientific research and practice have confirmed the high effectiveness of these drugs in grain crops. Recently, particular attention has been paid to drugs that do not have a negative impact on agrophytocenoses. The aim of the research was to study the effect of the biological preparations Biosil, v. s. r., Biolan, v. s. r., Rengoplant, v. s. r. and Stympo, v. s. r. on the yield and quality of spring barley. To assess the effectiveness of the studied products, pre-sowing seed treatment and foliar spraying of plants of the Aeneas and Commander varieties were applied during the growing season (phases: end of tillering – beginning of tube formation, appearance of the flag leaf). According to the results of the conducted research, it was found that pre-sowing treatment of spring barley seeds of the Komandor variety with growth regulators increases its field germination by 3.9–5.4 %, and of the Aeneas variety by 4.5–6.8 %. Depending on the variety and the use of growth regulators, the total tillering coefficient of barley plants was 2.9–3.3, and the productive coefficient was 1.3–1.7. The highest productivity indicators of spring barley are provided by treatment with the drug Rengoplant, which, depending on the variety, contributes to the formation of 13.7–13.9 % more grain mass per ear, 14.3–15.6 % more mass of 1000 seeds, and 14.4–16.8 % more grain yield compared to the control variant. The use of growth regulators in spring barley crops of the Aeneas variety resulted in increases in protein content by 0.08–0.34 %, starch by 0.36–0.86 %, fats by 0.18–0.23 %, ash by 0.01–0.05 %, in the Komandor variety, the respective increases were 0.08–0.24 %, 0.1–1.9 %, 0.04–0.22 %, and 0.04–0.14 %.
Physiological aspects of adaptive plasticity of Solanum tuberosum L. varieties and hybrids under variations of the hydrothermal regime in the Polissia region of Ukraine
The research aimed to reveal the specific features of adaptive plasticity expression in varieties and hybrids of different maturity groups by analysing the dynamics of physiological indicators of the water regime during critical phases of plant growth. The research was conducted under field conditions at the Polissia Research Department of the Institute for Potato Research, NAAS (Zhytomyr Polissia) in 2024–2025 and involved 45 potato genotypes. Water retention capacity (WRC) and water recovery capacity (WReC) coefficients were assessed under laboratory conditions by sampling leaf material at the following growth stages: budding, flowering, active tuber formation, and yield accumulation. These measurements were taken in parallel with the determination of the hydrothermal coefficient (HTC). A consistent decrease in WRC by 16–20 % and WReC by 15–30 % was observed throughout the growth phases, reflecting the progressive water stress experienced by the plants. Early-ripening varieties showed the highest sensitivity to stress, whereas hybrid material of all maturity groups exhibited relatively greater stability of these parameters. Middle-early hybrids demonstrated a more stable water regime compared with varieties of the same maturity group, particularly in terms of water balance recovery. Mid-ripening genotypes exhibited the highest level of water homeostasis, even in the later stages of ontogenesis (WRC = 59 %, WReC = 86 %). Correlation analysis confirmed the presence of positive relationships between HTC and water regime parameters, differentiated by maturity groups: early genotypes showed a higher sensitivity of water recovery processes to moisture availability (r ≈ 0.90), middle-early genotypes were characterized by moderate and stable correlations, while mid-ripening genotypes displayed the lowest correlation coefficients, reflecting their relative independence from fluctuations in hydrothermal conditions. Hierarchical clustering divided the potato genotype collection into two main groups based on water-exchange strategies: Cluster I (n = 26) with elevated water retention and recovery coefficients (WRC = 69.7 ± 1.9 %, WReC = 98.2 ± 2.4 %) and Cluster II (n = 19) with moderate values (WRC = 64.2 ± 3.1 %, WReC = 91.3 ± 2.8 %). Genotypes and divergent forms with WReC exceeding 100 % were identified. Among the promising sources for drought resistance breeding, the following hybrids were highlighted: (P.14.3/5, P.16.50-16, P.17.44-1, P.19.15-16, P.17.24-26, P.15.56-10, P.17.29/21, P.17.38/16, P.15.5/27, P.17.20-13, P.13.52-11, P.13.42/3, P.17.34/8, P.17.30-3, P.17.39/22) and varieties (Tyras, Mezhyrichka 11, Opillia, Zhytnytsia, Myroslava, Lietana). The obtained results confirm the effectiveness of using water retention and recovery coefficients as markers for assessing the adaptive potential of genotypes and provide a scientific foundation for improving breeding programs towards enhancing potato resistance to abiotic stress.
Influence of bioproducts on the yield and adaptive properties of soft winter wheat
The article presents the results of scientific research on the study of the peculiarities of the formation of soft winter wheat grain under the influence of biostimulants and different growing conditions. Experimental tests were conducted according to the standard field experiment methodologies of in agriculture and crop production during 2022–2024 at the research farm of Poltava State Agrarian University. The objects of the study were biostimulator 1 (biostimix ‘Recovery of vegetation’ (biostart)) and biostimulator 2 (Smart Grow ‘Restoration’). The main active components of the drugs were fulvic acids, fullerene and organic acids. Ammonium nitrate was used as nitrogen fertilizer (NH4 : NO3 – 1 : 1, 34.4 %). The objective of the research was to substantiate the expediency of using growth regulators based on fulvic acids, fullerene and organic acids in combination with nitrogen fertilizers in winter wheat cultivation. It has been established that the use of biostimulants increased the efficiency of nitrogen fertilizers, which was confirmed by the improvement of the elements of the ear performance. Thus, the use of biostimulator 1 on the background of N68 provided an increase in the variant only with ammonium nitrate (N68): the amount of grains from the ear – by 9.3 %, the mass of grain from the ear – by 21.7 %, the mass of 1000 grains – by 3.2 %. The use of biostimulator 2 under the background of N68 contributed to the growth, respectively: the number of grains per ear – by 13.8 %, masses of grain per ear – by 17.4 %, weight of 1000 grains – by 1.2 %. The grain yield of soft winter wheat also increased due to the use of biostimulants: biostimulator 1 increased by 6.84 % and biostimulator 2 by 4.56 %. At the same time, the total efficiency of nitrogen nutrition increased by 10.4 % due to the action of biostimulator 1 and by 12.1 % with biostimulator 2. The correlation analysis revealed a close dependence between yield and the number of grains per ear (r = 0.95) as well as grain weight per ear (r = 0.91), and a moderate relationship with the weight of 1,000 grains (r = 0.57).
The impact of sowing dates and pre-sowing seed treatment with biopreparations on phenological indicators and leaf apparatus development in buckwheat
Climate change and adverse weather conditions present significant challenges for the effective cultivation of buckwheat, necessitating the search for new agronomic solutions. One such approach involves optimizing sowing dates and using biopreparations for pre-sowing seed treatment, which improves leaf apparatus development and enhances crop productivity. This study was conducted in 2025 under the conditions of the Left-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine using the buckwheat variety Elena. The experiment included two sowing dates (May 5 and May 12) and the following pre-sowing seed treatment schemes: control; Azotofit (0.5 l/t); Diazobacterin for buckwheat (0.2 l/t); Azotofit (0.5 l/t) + Diazobacterin (0.2 l/t). It was found that the early sowing date (May 5) ensured an optimal vegetation period (87–89 days), which was 7 days longer than the late sowing date. Favorable conditions for the full passage of organogenesis phases and the formation of a powerful assimilatory apparatus resulted in the accumulation of above-ground vegetative mass that was 7.3–8.8% higher than that at the late sowing date. At the flowering stage, the leaf area at the early sowing date was also 6.7–8.5% larger, contributing to a high photosynthetic potential of the crops. Pre-sowing seed treatment with biopreparations consistently had a positive impact on all indicators, regardless of the sowing date. Application of Diazobacterin resulted in a 17.6% increase in above-ground vegetative mass and a 1.4% increase in leaf area compared to the control. The use of Azotofit produced a more pronounced effect, with increases of 19.8% and 5.6%, respectively. The most effective result was achieved with the combined use of both biopreparations, providing a synergistic effect, with increases of 34.1% and 9.8% in the respective indicators compared to the control. Considering the 2-day reduction in the vegetation period, this suggests optimized growth processes and improved resource use efficiency. The findings confirm the advisability of using early sowing dates and nitrogen-fixing biopreparations to optimize buckwheat cultivation technology under climate change conditions.
The impact of biostimulants on symbiotic nitrogen fixation, photosynthetic activity, and yield of field pea (Pisum sativum L.)
The growing need for environmentally sustainable methods to improve the productivity of leguminous crops, particularly in the context of climate change and fluctuating agro-climatic conditions, highlights the significance of studying the effects of biostimulants on pea yield. A research study conducted during 2024–2025 in the Poltava region, using the Haiduk variety of peas and bioproducts such as Algreen, Potassium Humate ‘Nitrogumat Euro’, Emistim C, and Rizolain Legumes (liquid form), yielded notably positive outcomes. The highest symbiotic activity was observed with the application of Rizolain, where the number of nodules at the flowering stage reached 48.4 per plant, representing a 61.3% increase compared to the control. Other biostimulants also significantly enhanced nitrogen fixation, with nodules increasing by 32.0–47.3%. The leaf area of peas was consistently larger across all growth stages in treatments involving biostimulants, showing increases ranging from 25.5% to 43.7%, with the greatest expansion observed with Rizolain treatment. Biostimulants were found to slow down leaf senescence and support high photosynthetic activity, even during the later growth phases of the plants. The impact of biostimulants on the yield structure was evident through increases in plant density (by 8.4–19.6%), numbers of pods per plant (by 22.6–41.9%), numbers of seeds per plant (by 15.2–34.8%), and seed weight per plant (by 11.6–29.3%), with the highest results achieved using Rizolain. Consequently, the use of biostimulants resulted in a yield increase of 17.0–28.0% under varying climatic conditions. Further analysis revealed a close relationship between the symbiotic nitrogen fixation activity and the development of the photosynthetic apparatus. The increase in nodule numbers, particularly in Rizolain-treated plants, was correlated with a larger leaf area and sustained high photosynthetic activity throughout the growing season. This combination enabled the plants to more efficiently utilize nitrogen, ensuring consistent growth and development, which ultimately contributed to a substantial yield increase.
Effectiveness of pesticide control of a quarantine pest Hyphantria cunea Drury
The fall webworm (Hyphantria cunea Drury) is an invasive moth species (Lepidoptera, Erebidae) that poses a significant threat to forest and fruit plantations in Ukraine. First recorded in 1952 in the Zakarpattia region, it has gradually expanded its range and established stable populations throughout the country. The key factors determining its distribution include thermal conditions, photoperiodic responses, and the availability of host plants such as Acer negundo L., Morus alba L., and Malus domestica Borkh. Due to its wide polyphagy, synanthropy, and high adaptive capacity, H. cunea can cause severe defoliation of deciduous trees under favorable conditions, resulting in decreased orchard productivity, loss of ornamental value, and even tree death. During 2022–2024, phytosanitary monitoring was conducted in the Poltava region to assess the effectiveness of modern insecticides in controlling pest density. The research targeted larvae of various developmental stages (L1–L4) feeding on pome fruit crops. The tested insecticides included Bi-58 New (reference), Karate Zeon, Aktara, and the combined product Engeo. Efficacy was evaluated on days 3, 5, 7, 10, and 14 after treatment. The highest biological activity was demonstrated by Engeo (247 g/L SC), which provided up to 100 % mortality of early-instar larvae (L1–L2) by day 5 and late-instar larvae (L3–L4) by day 10. Karate Zeon and Aktara were also highly effective (up to 98–99 %) but exhibited a slower mode of action, while Bi-58 New showed lower results (81–94 %). The findings confirm the high harmfulness and adaptability of H. cunea to agroclimatic conditions of the Poltava region. The combined insecticide Engeo proved to be the most effective in regulating pest density. The results highlight the necessity to improve phytosanitary monitoring systems and develop integrated pest management strategies combining chemical, biological, and agrotechnical methods to prevent further naturalization and economic damage caused by this quarantine pest in Ukrainian agroecosystems.
Resistance of different blueberry varieties to flower thrips in the conditions of Polissia, Ukraine
Blueberries are unconventional berry crop rich in vitamins E, B vitamins, antioxidants, minerals. Their consumption strengthens immunity, memory, vision, and has an anti-inflammatory and rejuvenating effect. Blueberries also enhance cardiovascular function, normalizes blood circulation, and have beneficial effect for the nervous system and gastrointestinal tract. Currently, the most harmful pest in blueberry agrocenoses is the flower thrips, which damages plants during the period of mass flowering. Studying the resistance of blueberry varieties of different maturity to flower thrips makes it possible to reduce the population of plantations with this sucking phytophagous insect. The blueberry varietal collection in the studies consisted of three main groups of different maturity, namely: early-, mid-early- and late- ripening varieties. Although no fully resistant varieties were found in the studies, but the population size was different. The study examined the metamorphosis of the different-aged larvae of the flower thrips, which massively begins its biological development in the VII - phenophase (flowering) of blueberry plant development. Age range monograms were constructed based on the age development of the larva, and the number of phytophagous insects clearly depicted the parameters of the degree of settlement according to the European nine-point scale. The blueberry varieties were divided into three groups according to experimental resistance levels, where early-ripening varieties have a high level of infestation by flower thrips, which massively populates the flower bed during the blueberry flowering phenophase. Phytosanitary monitoring of blueberry agrocenosis allowed us to develop a mathematical model for phenological prediction of the larval period of flower thrips. During May, blueberry thrips are massively colonized by the phytophagous pest, as late blueberry varieties have an extended period in the "flowering" phenophase, so the Elliot and Chandler varieties were less colonized by flower thrips compared to the early blueberry varieties Reka and Duke. Based on the study results, the late-ripening blueberry varieties Elliot and Chandler were identified as the most resistant and can be recommended for commercial cultivation.
Assessment of disease resistance, yield and seed quality of modern soybean varieties
Soybean is an extremely important crop for the agro-industrial complex of Ukraine. The key components of soybean varietal diversity include high yield, seed quality, ecological resistance to adverse environmental factors, as well as economic feasibility of cultivation. The article analyzes soybean variety resources in terms of resistance to diseases such as fusarium, ascochytosis, peronosporosis, bacteriosis, and septoria. The yield of soybean varietal diversity, grain quality in terms of protein and oil content, and environmental sustainability were analyzed. Soybean varieties combining complex disease resistance with a high level of genetic yield potential were identified. The resistance of soybean varieties to adverse environmental factors during the growing season was determined. The study of soybean varietal resources was conducted based on the analysis of the State Register of Plant Varieties Suitable for Distribution in Ukraine for 2024. Soybean varieties characterized by comprehensive disease resistance and high yield have been identified: Phrine, Kingston, Liska, Combinator, Smaragd, ES Kolektor, AFK Tempo, Stein 07Zh22, Stine 11N20, Attractor, Kobuko, Abaka, AFK Sprin, RZhT Satelia, ES Visitor, RZhT Sakuza, Sussex, RZhT Salsa, Alvesta, OAC Candy, OAC Attica, Alicia, ES Competitor, Dakota, Christian, Sahara, Pocahontas, Achilea. The yield of the selected soybean varieties ranged from 3.5 t/ha for the Phrіne variety to 4.38 t/ha for the Achilea variety. The protein content of the selected soybean varieties varied from 37.2 % for the Phrіne variety to 44.6 % for the Liska variety. The oil content ranged from 18.5 % in the EC Competitor variety to 22.6 % in the Phrіne variety. The resistance to seed shedding in the selected soybean varieties was at the level of 9 points, only the varieties OAC Candy, ES Visitor, Abaka, and Stein 07Zh22 had resistance to shedding of 8 points. The indicator of plant resistance to lodging was the most variable: among the 28 selected varieties, 18 varieties scored 9 points, 7 varieties scored 8 points, 2 varieties scored 7 points, and 1 variety scored 6 points. Drought resistance in conditions of climate change is an important adaptive property of the variety. Among the 28 selected soybean varieties, 23 varieties had a drought resistance level of 9 points, 4 varieties had 8 points, and 1 variety had 7 points. The varietal potential of soybeans includes varieties that differ in disease resistance, yield, seed quality, and environmental sustainability.
Biological and chemical control of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) pests under conditions of the Left-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine
Chickpea is a strategically important pulse crop, the expansion of its acreage being constrained by a complex of pests whose harmfulness intensity significantly increases under conditions of global climate change and increased hydrothermal stress. The aim of the study was to investigate the population dynamics of key chickpea phytophages and to evaluate the effectiveness of biological and chemical protection systems on the Zekhavit and Kira varieties. Field studies were conducted on experimental plots in the Myrhorod district of the Poltava region during 2023–2024. The objects of the study were two chickpea varieties: Zekhavit and Kira. The subject of the research covered the dynamics of spread, species composition, and the degree of harmfulness of the phytophage complex, as well as the comparative effectiveness of biological and chemical insecticidal protection schemes. It was established that in the extremely droughty year of 2024, the total plant infestation index on the control variants increased by 26–28 % compared to 2023. This increase was directly caused by a significant rise in the population of dominant pests such as the leaf miner fly, thrips, and moths. A comparison of the varieties revealed that the Kira variety demonstrated higher natural resistance to the pest complex compared to the Zekhavit variety in the unprotected plots. However, the application of any protection measures, particularly the chemical ones, leveled the detected varietal differences, indicating the dominant influence of the protection system over varietal characteristics in years of high risk. The biological scheme, based on the use of entomopathogenic agents, provided an average reduction in the total infestation index by 44–46 %. Its effectiveness was sufficient against leaf miner flies, thrips, and moths, but its overall performance noticeably decreased during droughty periods due to unfavorable conditions for the viability and reproduction of biological agents. The chemical protection scheme demonstrated the highest stability and effectiveness, achieving a reduction in the infestation level by 72–74 % regardless of the variety and agro-climatic conditions. The obtained results highlight the strategic necessity of transitioning to an adaptive chickpea protection system, in which biological agents are recommended under moderate pest pressure, while the timely use of chemical insecticides is necessary to stabilize yields and combating extreme outbreaks of harmfulness under moisture-deficit conditions.
Formation of symbiotic activity of soybean depending on plant irrigation in the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine
The study investigated the effects of different irrigation regimes on productivity, symbiotic activity, and seed quality formation of soybean (Glycine max (L.)) under the conditions of the Forest-Steppe zone of Ukraine. Field experiments were conducted during 2023–2025 at the experimental field of Uman National University. The aim of the research was to identify an optimal soil moisture regime that ensures high yield and effective biological nitrogen fixation while minimizing irrigation water consumption. The experimental design included four irrigation treatments: a non-irrigated control, limited irrigation (50 % of field capacity), moderate irrigation (70 %), and full irrigation (100 %). Irrigation was applied when soil moisture in the plow layer decreased to 60–65 % of field capacity. Total irrigation rates ranged from 1,200 to 2,400 m³/ha depending on the treatment. After irrigation, soil moisture increased to 28–32 % under moderate irrigation and to 30–33 % under full irrigation, creating favorable conditions for plant growth and reproductive development. Soybean yield increased proportionally with irrigation level and reached a maximum of 3.05 t/ha under full irrigation. However, moderate irrigation provided a yield of 2.90 t/ha, which was statistically comparable while reducing water consumption by 25 %, indicating higher water-use efficiency. Irrigation also significantly enhanced symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Seed inoculation with the biological preparation Rhizogumin-Plus stimulated nodule formation and nitrogen fixation in both studied cultivars (ES Mentor and Halleck). At the optimal concentration of 0.75 %, nodule mass in ES Mentor increased from 0.36 to 0.49 g per plant, and nitrogen fixation rose from 77.38 to 79.06 kg/ha. The Halleck cultivar exhibited higher overall symbiotic activity, with nodule mass reaching 0.91 g per plant and nitrogen fixation of 124.56 kg/ha. The results demonstrate that maintaining soil moisture at 70–80 % of field capacity in combination with biological inoculation ensures balanced interaction between water availability and symbiotic nitrogen fixation, promotes protein-rich seed formation, and improves environmental sustainability. Moderate irrigation combined with seed inoculation is therefore recommended as a resource-efficient strategy for soybean cultivation in the Forest-Steppe zone of Ukraine.
Prospects for nitrogen fertilization management of corn crops: a review of modern concepts
The main purpose of this review was the problem of optimizing nitrogen fertilization of corn crops in the light of recent trends, taking into account the requirements of the ecological and economic approach to the development of cultivation technologies. Based on the review of the research results by Ukrainian and foreign scientists, modern methods of nitrogen fertilization management are described. In particular, this concerns the differentiated application of nitrogen fertilizers using complex organic-mineral fertilizers, which comprise humic compounds, nitrification inhibitors and urease inhibitors. The review draws attention to controversial issues of corn crops’ fertilization and contradictions regarding the effectiveness of the use. These include the rate of nitrification of the soil rhizosphere, inhibition of nitrification processes and the effectiveness of the impact on yield formation. The information on the efficacy of using 3, 4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate and thiophosphoric triamide as nitrification inhibitors from economic and environmental points of view is given in the article. A brief analysis of the use of the group of 2-(3, 4-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl) isomeric mixture of succinic acid, nitrapyrin or pronitridine is conducted. Attention is paid to the peculiarities of the behavior of nitrification inhibitor substances depending on the properties of soils and climatic factors. The conclusion is made as to the simultaneous use of two strategies – the application of urease inhibitor and nitrification inhibitor. The presented review of scientific sources does not indicate the unanimity of opinions concerning the use of nitrogen inhibitors. Scientists are overwhelmingly inclined to the usefulness of applying inhibitors to reduce greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere and the economic efficiency of reducing the rates of nitrogen fertilizers’ application, but there are also data on the questionable impact of inhibitors on nitrogen losses into the atmosphere and their impact on yield formation. On the one hand, nitrogen inhibitors can be crucial in reducing nutrient losses and increasing the effectiveness of the use of expensive nitrogen fertilizers and raising plant productivity by 41–79 %, especially when applying stabilized nitrogen fertilizers of increased efficacy. They play an important role in the 4R cultivation concept, which envisages ecological and economic approach to growing crops. On the other hand, while reducing nitrogen losses, they do not increase yields in any way, especially in combination with the use of such fertilizers.
Assessment of the economic and energy efficiency of giant miscanthus biomass production depending on cultivation methods and crop fertilization
In the context of the global energy transition and the depletion of fossil resources, research focused on the comprehensive justification for using alternative energy sources is becoming particularly relevant. Among perennial energy crops considered a sustainable source of biofuel, Giant Miscanthus (Miscanthus × giganteus) occupies a special position due to its high adaptability and ability to produce a substantial amount of biomass. Optimizing its cultivation technology is a key task for improving the economic and energy efficiency of its production. The aim of the study was to determine the efficiency of Giant Miscanthus biomass production depending on the improvement of cultivation technology in binary plantations with a legume component. The research was conducted during 2020–2024 on podzolized chernozems under the soil and climatic conditions of the Poltava region. Field experiments were established according to a two-factor design using a randomized block method. The accounting plot area was 50 m², with four replications. In binary Miscanthus-lupine plantations, various rates of spring nitrogen fertilization (from N0 to N120) were applied. The energy efficiency of Miscanthus production was assessed considering the energy content of the biomass and the energy inputs required for production. The results showed that binary plantations ensured higher biomass productivity (up to 21.2 t/ha) compared with monoculture plantations (up to 19.9 t/ha), primarily due to more efficient nutrient utilization. The highest economic indicators in binary plantations were recorded at N30 (profit – 15651.2 UAH/ha; profitability – 179.3%), whereas monoculture plantations were most efficient at N90 (profit – 14238.8 UAH/ha; profitability – 164.7%). The maximum energy efficiency coefficient in binary plantations was obtained at N30-60 (1.91–1.95), significantly exceeding the corresponding values in monocultures (1.18–1.23). These findings confirm the feasibility of using binary cropping systems and differentiated nitrogen fertilization as effective measures to increase Miscanthus biomass productivity and energy output. It was established that binary plantations of Giant Miscanthus with a legume component are more productive and economically efficient than monocultures. The optimized cultivation technology, particularly rational nitrogen fertilization, allows for a significant increase in yield, profitability, and overall energy efficiency of biomass production. These results are of considerable importance for the further implementation of Miscanthus as a promising biofuel source in Ukraine, especially on low-productivity lands, thereby contributing to energy independence and the sustainable development of regions.
Blue cornflower (Centaurea cyanus L.) as a component of agrocenosis: analysis of allelopathic mechanisms, agroecological consequences and control strategies
This review presents an analysis of the results of experimental studies on the nature of the allelopathic interaction of cornflower (Centaurea cyanus L.) with winter agricultural crops. The purpose of the work was to summarize current knowledge on the biochemical mechanisms of phytotoxicity, allelochemicals of cornflower, agroecological consequences of weed infestation, and strategies for integrated control of cornflower in agrocoenoses. Differential crop sensitivity to cornflower allelochemicals was established in winter grain crops. In this regard, the phenomenon of hormesis was identified, where the action of low concentrations of aqueous leaf extract of cornflower (5–12 %) increased seed germination of grains by 8–16 %, while increasing to 25 % decreased it by 38–40 % compared with the control. Based on research results conducted in various countries, the profile of cornflower allelochemicals was found to include volatile organic compounds, phenolic acids (chlorogenic acid 15–45 mg/100 g dry weight), flavonoids (apigenin 10–30 mg/100 g), and anthocyanins. The phytotoxicity mechanisms of the complex of these compounds involve disruption of cell membrane permeability, inhibition of ATP synthesis in mitochondria, suppression of DNA topoisomerases, and activity of key glycolysis enzymes. Meanwhile, allelochemicals can spread through root exudates (concentration 100–500 μM in rhizosphere fluid), microbiological decomposition of residues, and gas diffusion of volatile compounds. It was also established that cornflower limits the impact on the rhizosphere microbiocenosis and demonstrates autotoxicity, inhibiting its own seed germination (by 15–22 % at densities exceeding 30–40 plants/m²). It was concluded that the allelopathic activity of cornflower can cause a yield reduction (up to 65 %) when exceeding the economic threshold of harmfulness (ETH) in agrocoenoses. Moreover, there is a problem of cornflower resistance to herbicides, as well as the phenomenon of enhanced allelopathic activity due to increased synthesis of phenolic compounds. Therefore, strategies for integrated control of cornflower in agrocoenoses of agricultural crops are recommended, including rotation of winter crops with spring crops to disrupt the cornflower life cycle; use of cover crops with allelopathic properties (barley, rye, sorghum), which suppress cornflower germination by 20–35 %; agronomic practices (delayed sowing, increasing the seeding rate by 15–25 %, alternating deep plowing with minimal tillage); and regular population monitoring.
Agrotechnical methods for regulating the population of beneficial and harmful entomofauna in pea crops
Pea is an important leguminous crop in Ukraine, providing atmospheric nitrogen fixation and high nutritional value; however, its cultivation is associated with significant losses due to pests. The purpose of the work was to review agrotechnical methods for regulating the population of beneficial and harmful entomofauna in pea crops, with an emphasis on biological control through the use of natural enemies. The paper analyzes the main pea pests and their natural enemies: root weevils are controlled by rove beetles, trichogramma, and ladybugs; pea weevils are controlled by trichogramma, ladybugs, and predatory bugs; pea aphids are controlled by rove beetles, ladybugs, and tachinid flies. It has been established that the most effective approach for pest control in pea crops is an integrated protection system that combines biological control with agrotechnical methods. The key agrotechnical methods identified include proper crop rotation, alternating legumes with cruciferous or cereal crops to reduce pest cycles; optimization of sowing and harvesting dates to avoid periods of peak pest activity; creation of favorable conditions for the development of entomophages by ensuring natural shelters and food plants; and the selective use of chemical agents with a narrow spectrum of action only in critical situations. The prospects for further development of agrotechnical methods are substantiated, including the implementation of modern biological control methods, the development of new Trichogramma strains to enhance the effectiveness of controlling weevils and aphids, the improvement of crop rotation methods based on pest biology, and the development of integrated pest management systems with pest population monitoring and evaluation of biological control effectiveness. The findings of the study have significant practical importance for the development of ecologically safe agriculture, as they contribute to reducing dependence on chemical pesticides and ensuring the sustainable development of Ukraine's agricultural sector during post-war recovery.
Age-related features of compensatory growth and physiological adaptation in large white and landrace gilts under different weaning ages
The aim of the study was to determine the effects of weaning age on growth intensity, adaptive capacity, feed intake, and the incidence of diarrhea in piglets of two maternal breeds – Landrace and Large White – with an assessment of their prospects for replacement gilt development. Four groups of piglets were formed according to weaning age: 21 and 28 days. The dynamics of body weight growth from birth to the end of the nursery period, the incidence of gastrointestinal disturbances, feed intake intensity, and the levels of average daily and absolute weight gains were evaluated. The results show that reducing the suckling period to 21 days leads to temporary growth suppression, decreased average daily gains from day 22 to 35 (in Landrace piglets to 34–144 g, and in Large White piglets to 86–136 g), and reduced absolute gains (0.24–1.01 kg and 0.60–0.95 kg, respectively), coinciding with peak diarrhea incidence and irregular feed consumption. At the same time, early-weaned piglets demonstrated compensatory growth after the adaptation period, particularly in Landrace gilts, indicating partial restoration of growth. Ultimately, the final body weight of early-weaned piglets was 3.8–7.3 % lower compared to those weaned at 28 days. Piglets weaned at 28 days exhibited more uniform growth dynamics, stable feed intake, and lower diarrhea frequency, which ensured more efficient adaptation to solid feed and improved feed conversion. Average daily gains from birth to the end of the nursery period were 383 g in Landrace gilts and 364 g in their Large White counterparts. Breed-specific traits also influenced adaptation: Landrace gilts showed more pronounced compensatory growth, while Large White piglets demonstrated more stable gains and feed intake. It was established that reducing the suckling period to 21 days significantly affects adaptation: early-weaned piglets show irregular feed intake and increased diarrhea incidence, which reduce growth efficiency in the first weeks post-weaning. Although compensatory growth occurs later, their final body weight remains lower than that of piglets weaned at 28 days. Conversely, optimizing weaning age to 28 days ensures more stable growth dynamics, uniform feed intake, reduced diarrhea, and improved economic efficiency. Thus, management of suckling period length is a key factor in raising healthy, productive, and resilient young pigs.
Diagnostic features of a chronic immunosuppressive viral process in a cat suspected of feline infectious peritonitis: a clinical case from veterinary practice
The article presents a clinical case of a chronic immunosuppressive viral process in a mixed-breed cat born in 2014, showing oral cavity lesions, anorexia, and dysphagia. The investigation was conducted stepwise during 2024 at the veterinary clinic «Vet Center» («Vet+Klinika», Irpin, Ukraine). The diagnostic protocol included clinical examination, haematological and biochemical blood tests, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Immunological and molecular-genetic tests were performed at the «BALT» laboratory (Kyiv, Ukraine). Haematological analyses were carried out using automated haematology and biochemistry analysers (Micro-20Plus and HTI BioChem FC-120). Clinical observations indicated a prolonged chronic inflammatory process in the oral cavity. A moderate leukocytosis with neutrophilic predominance (80,6 %), relative lymphopenia (3,0 × 10⁹/L), and signs of viral suppression of the megakaryocytic lineage and systemic immunodeficiency (P-LCR 9,9 %) were recorded. The biochemical profile revealed a combination of renal dysfunction markers (creatinine – 273,5 μmol/L, urea – 15,2 μmol/L) and pronounced disturbances in lipid (cholesterol – 7,36 mmol/L) and enzymatic metabolism (ALT – 51,2 U/L, AST – 21,9 U/L, amylase – 4547,5 U/L). Serological testing (ELISA) detected antibodies against feline coronavirus structural proteins, indicating a prolonged persistence of infection. Subsequent molecular-genetic examination (PCR) of samples from the upper respiratory tract mucosa was positive for feline calicivirus antigen, regarded as a co-infectious factor capable of enhancing immuno-inflammatory responses and contributing to the development of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). Thus, the diagnosis of calicivirosis did not exclude but rather confirmed the key role of immunosuppression in the disease pathogenesis. The obtained results allowed the case to be interpreted as a probable dry form of FIP complicated by calicivirus co-infection. This clinical case highlights the importance of comprehensive diagnostic approaches and the recognition that severe co-infections often serve as markers of an underlying immunosuppressive state associated with FIP.
Morphological and biochemical blood parameters in rats during experimental toxocariasis
Toxocariasis is one of the most widespread parasitic diseases, characterized by a complex pathogenesis, prolonged course, and systemic damage to the organs and tissues of the host organism. Migration of Toxocara larvae is accompanied by mechanical tissue injury, development of inflammatory reactions, immune disturbances, and metabolic disorders, which results in significant alterations in the functional state of the hematopoietic system and internal organs, primarily the liver. In this regard, the study of morphological and biochemical blood parameters as informative markers of pathophysiological processes under parasitic invasion conditions is of particular relevance. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of experimental toxocariasis on morphological and biochemical blood parameters in white rats in order to assess changes in the hematopoietic system, functional state of the liver, and the nature of the inflammatory response. The study was conducted on sexually mature male white rats weighing 150–180 g, maintained under standard vivarium conditions. The animals were divided into a control group and an experimental group, with 10 individuals in each group. Rats in the experimental group were infected orally with invasive Toxocara canis eggs at a dose of 30 eggs per 1 g of body weight. On the 14th day after infection, blood samples were collected to determine morphological and biochemical blood parameters using generally accepted methods. The results demonstrated that the development of experimental toxocariasis in rats was accompanied by pronounced changes in the morphological composition of the blood. In particular, a significant decrease in erythrocyte count and hemoglobin level was detected, indicating the development of anemic syndrome and suppression of bone marrow hematopoietic function. Analysis of erythrocyte indices revealed an imbalance in erythropoiesis processes. At the same time, leukocytosis was observed in the blood of infected animals, accompanied by characteristic shifts in the leukogram, including a decrease in lymphocyte count, an increase in the proportion of neutrophils and monocytes, and marked eosinophilia, which is a typical feature of parasitic invasions. Biochemical studies showed that toxocariasis invasion adversely affects the functional state of the liver. In the blood of rats from the experimental group, a decrease in total protein and albumin levels was observed, indicating suppression of the protein-synthesizing function of the liver. Simultaneously, a significant increase in alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activity was recorded, reflecting the development of cytolytic syndrome and hepatocyte damage. An increased concentration of urea in the blood of infected rats indicates the presence of an inflammatory process and disturbances in nitrogen metabolism. Thus, the development of experimental toxocariasis in white rats is accompanied by complex morphofunctional disorders of the blood system and liver, reflecting the systemic nature of the pathological process.
Nutria trichurosis as a component of the parasitic community of the digestive tract of Myocastor coypus (Molina, 1782)
The prospects for the development of nutria farming in Ukraine indicate the presence of an open market niche for this sector, creating favorable conditions for further growth and improvement of animal husbandry technologies. One of the main factors limiting the production of nutria products in farms of various ownership forms is the lack of stable integration links between producers, processors, trade organizations, as well as the insufficient level of veterinary services. Since nutria were first introduced into Ukraine, their population has been steadily increasing. Despite the active breeding of these animals in different regions, the parasite fauna of the domestic population remains insufficiently investigated. In the natural range of nutria, more than thirty parasite species have been recorded. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and specific features of parasitic infections in domestic nutria. The research was conducted in farms of the Poltava region. The main indicator of infestation in these semi-aquatic rodents was the extent of invasion (EI, %). In total, 1,438 samples collected from Myocastor coypus (Molina, 1782) were examined using coproscopic methods. The results of the study showed that gastrointestinal parasitoses in domestic nutria kept in farms of the Poltava region are quite widespread (34.42 %). Analysis of data across four districts revealed that EI values ranged from 20.31 % to 37.45 %. The detected parasite fauna included Trichuris, Trichostrongylus, and Eimeria species, with trichuriosis mono-invasion being predominant, reaching 61.47 %. A total of three types of mixed infections were detected in semi-aquatic rodents infected with Trichuris myocastoris, with two-component infections found in 81.55% of nutria (EI – 9.53 %), and three-component infestations in 18.45 % of nutria (EI – 2.15 %). The findings indicate the need for the implementation of systematic prevention measures against endoparasitoses in domestic nutria, as well as for continuous monitoring of their epizootic status.
Antibacterial activity of ethanolic clove Syzygium aromaticum extract against multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria
The development of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria is a significant global health concern, making the search for novel antimicrobial drugs crucial. Eugenol, a phenolic compound found in high concentration in Syzygium aromaticum (clove), is well known for its broad-spectrum antibacterial properties. The study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of ethanolic clove Syzygium aromaticum extract against multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae). Bacterial isolates (E. coli, K. pneumoniae, and P. aeruginosa) were obtained from animal with infectious diseases and subsequently confirmed by cultivation on several plates of solidified agar media and incubation at 37 °C for 24 hours. Clove powder was processed into ethanolic extracts using standard maceration and evaporation techniques. Four concentrations of antibacterial activity (50 %, 25 %, 12.5 %, and 6.25 %) were tested using the agar well diffusion method. The results showed a concentration-dependent inhibitory effect, with the highest inhibition zones observed at 50 % concentration: E. coli (25 mm), P. aeruginosa (24 mm), and K. pneumoniae (20 mm). No inhibitory activity was observed at the 6.25 % concentration. Among the three microorganisms studied, the E. coli test culture demonstrated the highest sensitivity to ethanolic clove extract at concentrations of 12.5, 25.0, and 50.0 %, with growth inhibition zones of 16.0, 21.0 and 25.0 mm, respectively. In contrast, K. pneumoniae demonstrated the smallest inhibition zone (20 mm) at the highest extract concentration (50 %). Furthermore, research indicates that the combined use of clove extract with conventional antibiotics may result in a synergistic antibacterial effect. In conclusion, clove extract shows encouraging antibacterial activity against MDR Gram-negative bacteria and warrants futher research for potential medical application.
Disinvasive activity of modern disinfectants against Ascaridia galli nematode eggs
Maintaining the well-being of poultry farms, increasing the number of birds, as well as enhancing their productivity depends on the implementation of therapeutic and preventive measures. Compliance with zoohygienic requirements and veterinary and sanitary rules for keeping chickens ensures veterinary well-being of farms, including with regard to nematodoses of the digestive tract. The aim of the research was to determine the disinvasive activity of modern disinfectants against eggs of the nematode Ascaridia galli, which parasitizes chickens. Under laboratory conditions, the destructive effect of domestically produced disinfectants was determined, including "Kristal-900" (active ingredients: glutaraldehyde, glyoxalaldehyde, benzalkonium chloride), "Creolin" (cresols, naphthalene, resin acids, pyridine bases and emulsifiers) and "Desirex Forte ParvoStop" (quaternary ammonium compounds, glutaraldehyde, non-inogenic surfactants) on a test culture of ascarid eggs isolated from the gonads of female nematodes. The conducted studies have established a high level of disinvasive effectiveness against A. galli nematode eggs of the following agents: "Krystal-900" – at 1.5 % concentration with exposure times of 1 h, 2 h and 3 h (90.3 %, 94.0 % and 100.0 % respectively); "Creolin" – at 4.0 % concentration for exposures of 2 and 3 h (92.9 and 100.0 % respectively) and at 5.0 % concentration for all exposure periods (100.0 %); "Desirex Forte ParvoStop" – at 0.5 % concentration with exposure times of 2 and 3 h (93.7 and 100.0 % respectively). Lower concentrations of the tested disinfectants, depending on the exposure duration, had either satisfactory or unsatisfactory levels of disinvasion efficiency against the eggs of the nematode A. galli. The destructive effect of disinfectants was accompanied by changes in the morphological structure of the eggs, which were characterized by the arrest of their development and loosening of the embryo; destruction and loosening of the eggshell, disintegration of both the embryo and shell, and larval death. The obtained research results allow us to recommend the disinfectants "Krystal-900", "Creolin" and "Desirex Forte ParvoStop" in specific application regimens for the effective control and prevention of ascaridiosis in chickens.
Feline herpesvirus infection (epizootological monitoring, hematological parameters, treatment and prevention in the veterinary service "VetExpert" of the city Poltava)
This study presents the results of research on hematological parameters, as well as the treatment and prevention of feline herpesvirus infection in the city of Poltava. During the period of 2019–2024, 375 cases of infectious rhinotracheitis were registered in cats in "VetExpert" veterinary service of the city of Poltava. The diagnosis of infectious rhinotracheitis was established comprehensively taking into account epizootological data, anamnesis data, clinical signs. Immunochromatographic rapid tests based on the detection of the pathogen antigen were performed to confirm the diagnosis. Animals that became ill were either not vaccinated against infectious rhinotracheitis or had not followed the recommended vaccination schedule. The highest incidence of feline herpesvirus infection was observed in kittens aged 2–3 months, accounting for 51.9 % of all sick animals. The epizootic process of the disease was characterized by seasonality. In 2023, the largest number of cases of herpesvirus infection (44.2 %) occurred in the autumn period, 23.1 % of sick animals were registered in the spring, 21.2 % of cases of the disease in the winter period, and the smallest number (11.5 %) in the summer. Hematological analysis revealed leukocytosis in sick animals, caused by an increase in the relative number of lymphocytes due to viral infection and the relative number of granulocytes due to inflammatory processes in the body. The treatment of cats using the immunomodulator "Roborante Calieru", antibacterial drug "Unidox Solutab", antiviral drug "Viraxy" and Ringer's solution was 20 % more effective in terms of the speed of recovery of animals and the absence of fatalities compared to the treatment scheme using "Fosprenil", "Synulox", "Gepavi-Kel", "Ringer's" solution. The positive effect of the selected therapy was confirmed by changes in the blood. Probable changes were recorded in erythrocytes, the number of which increased by 1.7 times (P<0.001), leukocytes, the number of which decreased by 1.7 times (P<0.001), percentage of lymphocytes with granulocytes, which decreased by 1.4 and 1.3 times (P<0.001) and hemoglobin concentration increased by 7.21 % (P<0.05). The high efficiency of the used vaccines Nobivak Tricat Trio and Felocell 4 for the prevention of herpesvirus infection in 237 cats in the veterinary service "VetExpert" have been confirmed.
Application of an X-ray probe for measuring and determining the spatial position of a wound channel during forensic veterinary examination
The study and analysis of the parameters of wounds caused by sharp instruments, particularly the wound tract, play an important role in the diagnosis and assessment of injuries in animals. The relevance of this topic lies in the specific features of the etiopathogenesis and pathophysiology of such injuries, as well as the need to improve diagnostic methods and develop clear algorithms for conducting forensic veterinary examinations. This paper presents the application of an original radiographic probe for examining and determining the spatial orientation of the wound tract, establishes its practical effectiveness in forensic veterinary expertise, and evaluates the prospects for further use of the instrument, taking into account its properties. It is shown that the instrument has a cylindrical, hollow structure with a diameter ranging from 3 to 5 mm and a variable length. Its distal end is blunt. The probe surface is marked with 1 cm graduations. A key feature of the radiographic probe is the ability to fill its cylindrical tube with a radiopaque contrast agent (Omnipaque, Ultravist) via a dedicated connector. Examination of the wound tract is performed by carefully inserting the probe into the animal’s wound channel, followed by radiography of the affected body region. The radiographic image clearly visualizes the projection of the probe, allowing accurate determination of the spatial location of the wound tract in any part of the body. It has been demonstrated that the design of the developed instrument possesses several important characteristics: the ability to precisely penetrate narrow cavities; the capability to determine and measure the depth of the wound tract due to the surface markings on the probe; and an optimal balance of rigidity and flexibility for the examination of tortuous wound tracts. The instrument enables identification of the location and depth of a foreign object within the wound tract and ensures its visualization on radiographs. In addition, it is characterized by long-term preservation of operational properties, resistance to fracture under lateral loads, reusability, ease of manufacturing new units, and compliance with ergonomic requirements. The main aspects of effectiveness are considered, including the accuracy of the data obtained, ease of use for the forensic veterinary expert, and the probe’s ability to adapt to a wide variety of wound types. The application of the proposed instrument will contribute to increasing the informativeness of studies in the field of forensic veterinary wound examination.
Pancreatitis in domestic cats: prevalence
The article presents the results of a comprehensive analysis of the prevalence of non-infectious pancreatitis among domestic cats in the Poltava region during the period 2022–2024. In total, 13,146 cases of disease in cats were registered in veterinary clinics in Poltava, of which 11,437 (87.0 %) were non-infectious pathologies. Digestive disorders accounted for 19.16 % (2,191 cases), among which pancreatitis was diagnosed in 334 animals (15.25 %), which allows us to identify it as one of the leading pathologies of the gastrointestinal tract along with gastroenteritis (291 cases; 13.29 %) and neoplasms (137 cases; 6.25 %). An in-depth analysis included 134 cats with laboratory-confirmed pancreatitis, among which 14 animals were found to have a chronic form of the disease, and 10 had concomitant disorders of the hepatobiliary and digestive systems. An age-related dependence of the development of pathology was established: the largest proportion was animals aged 7–11 years (41.7 %), followed by cats aged 1–6 years (33.3 %) and 12–15 years (25 %). Gender distribution showed no significant differences: females – 54.2 %, males – 45.8 %, which does not indicate a stable gender predisposition to the development of pancreatitis. The obtained results indicate the high clinical significance of pancreatitis in the structure of non-infectious gastroenterological pathologies in cats, its polyetiological nature, and frequent combination with other diseases of the abdominal organs. A summary of the obtained results indicates that pancreatitis is a polyetiological process that often occurs in combination with other inflammatory or metabolic disorders of the abdominal organs. The data presented are of practical importance and can serve as a basis for improving diagnostic approaches, interpretation of clinical and laboratory indicators, and the development of algorithms for early detection of pathology and planning of further studies aimed at clarifying risk factors, breed- and season-related predisposition to pathology, which is especially relevant in the context of an increase in the number of chronic gastroenterological diseases in small domestic animals.
Effectiveness of using the method for determining contamination level of the distal extremity section in dogs with dipylidium cocoons
Parasitic zoonotic helminthiases with complex cycles and mechanisms of invasion transmission are a sanitary and hygienic problem on the global and local scale. The pathogens of these invasions are biologically, ecologically, physiologically, epidemiologically, epizootologically protected in natural conditions and actively circulate among different species of animals and humans directly or indirectly through the pathogens’ eggs with the tendency to contaminate the environment of existence. The presence of a large number of eggs in the environment guarantees the reliable functioning of the “parasite-host” system and leads to infecting of both intermediate and definitive hosts. The constant presence of viable helminthes eggs guarantees long-term maintenance of the epizootologic process. In this connection, the aim of the research was to determine the effectiveness of the method for determining the contamination level of the distal extremity section in dogs with dipylidium cocoons. The experimental studies were conducted in the Laboratory of Parasitology of Poltava State Agrarian University and veterinary clinic “Aibolyt” (city of Poltava). The method that allows detect the contamination of the distal extremity section in dogs in case of dipylidiasis was improved. According to the results of the conducted studies, it was determined that the use of the method for determining the contamination of the distal extremity section in dogs with dipylidium cocoons as to the number of positive samples and the average number of isolated invasive elements turned out to be the most effective. The sensitivity of the improved method in detecting dipylidium cocoons was higher by 30.0 and 90.0 % compared to the analogue method and the express method, respectively. Also, the improved method showed higher effectiveness in comparison with the analogue method – by 58.2 % (P<0.001) and with express method – by 89.8 % (P<0.001). The use in the improved method of the flotation solution, which demonstrates coagulation properties against foreign remains, facilitates the microscopy process. The obtained data allow us to recommend the improved method for determining the contamination level of the distal extremity section in dogs with dipylidium cocoons, as an effective and sensitive method for conducting sanitary and hygienic studies in monitoring dipylidiasis in dogs.
Antibiotic resistance: causes, consequences, ways to overcome
The aim of the review was to systematize and analyze current scientific data on the causes of antibiotic resistance formation in veterinary medicine, its epizootiological and clinical consequences, as well as to identify the main directions for the prevention and control of the spread of resistant microorganisms in veterinary therapeutic practice. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), antibiotic resistance represents a significant global public health threat. At present, several major causes of resistance development can be identified. Among them, the leading role is played by the excessive and unjustified use of antimicrobial agents in medicine and their application in various sectors of animal husbandry, as well as the frequent prescription of antibiotics without appropriate indications, which significantly contributes to the formation of microbial resistance. Approximately 50 % of antimicrobial prescriptions in practice are considered unjustified or “prophylactic.” Additional factors contributing to the development of antibiotic resistance include self-medication, the lack of antimicrobial susceptibility testing, incorrect dosing, and premature discontinuation of treatment courses. In particular, when clinical symptoms subside, animal owners often discontinue therapy on their own initiative, which promotes the survival and spread of resistant bacterial strains. Non-compliance with hygiene and sanitary control measures is another important factor facilitating the dissemination of resistant microorganisms. As a result of natural bacterial adaptation mechanisms, a reduction or complete loss of the effectiveness of antimicrobial agents occurs. Factors that stimulate mutational processes include the use of subtherapeutic doses of antibiotics, the lack of pathogen susceptibility to the selected drug, and the presence of antimicrobial residues in food products. Modification of protein targets and the transfer of resistance genes between bacteria via plasmids or bacteriophages may also accelerate the development of antibiotic resistance. The predicted consequences for global health include the loss of microbial susceptibility to last-line antibiotics, such as carbapenems, vancomycin, and colistin, which necessitates the development of new antimicrobial agents and the implementation of strict control over their rational use.
Improvement of the method for determining the level of contamination of the distal extremities in cats with toxocara eggs
Domestic cats play an important role in the epidemiology of gastrointestinal helminthiasis and can be carriers of a wide range of parasites. Cats are definitive hosts for many intestinal parasites, some of which can cause zoonotic diseases. Such infestations include toxocariasis, caused by the nematode Toxocara cati. Environmental contamination with Toxocara eggs is believed to be the main source of infection in humans and animals, usually caused by the ingestion of invasive eggs from the environment. The aim of the research was to improve, test and justify the feasibility of using a method for determining the level of contamination of the distal limbs of cats with T. cati eggs. Experimental studies were performed in the Laboratory of Parasitology of Poltava State Agrarian University and the Veterinary Clinic "Vet Help" (Poltava). In order to establish the effectiveness of the improved method, it was compared with the well-known analogue method and the express method for determining the level of contamination with toxocara eggs. It was found that the improved method was the most sensitive in isolating T. cati eggs in cats (81.3 %) compared to the analogue method (56.3 %) and the express method (25.0 %). In terms of the number of detected toxocara eggs, the improved method showed the highest efficiency – 15.3 copies. The effectiveness of the analogue method and the express method in determining the level of contamination of the distal limbs of cats with toxocara eggs was lower by 29.4 % (10.8 copies) and 88.2 % (1.8 copies, P<0.001), respectively. During microscopy using the improved method, a small number of small foreign bodies were detected, which facilitates the process of finding nematode eggs. The use of the analogue method and the express method resulted in the presence of a significant number of foreign bodies during microscopy, which worsened the process of detecting invasive elements in the field of view. The obtained research results allow us to recommend an improved method for determining the level of contamination of the distal limbs of cats with T. cati eggs in monitoring studies for feline toxocariasis.
Spread and consequences of secondary infections in cattle affected with foot-and-mouth disease in Karbala province, Iraq
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease caused by aphthovirus belonging to the family of Picornaviridae. Although the primary viral infection is known to cause the typical clinical manifestations, such as fever, salivation, and the formation of vesicles around the mouth, muzzle, teats, and interdigital spaces, the breakage of these vesicles opens the entry for opportunistic microorganisms. The latter can greatly affect the disease outcome, however, neither their spread, nor the species composition diversity among cattle herds in Iraqi have not been adequately documented. Thus, the current study was aimed at isolating and identifying the secondary microbial agents that complicate the foot-and-mouth disease lesions in cattle in Karbala province, Iraq. Following the rules of asepsis, a total of one hundred smear samples were collected from the mouth cavity (n=50) and extremities (n=50) of cows that had been clinically diagnosed with FMD on the basis of the sudden appearance of the disease classical symptoms during its regional outbreak. The microbiological investigation showed a complex polymicrobial community consisting of various opportunistic pathogens that were colonizing as well as infecting the primary viral lesions. Moreover, the isolation of several pathogens from a single lesion was a common phenomenon. Among the isolated bacterial pathogens, both Gram-positive and Gram-negative forms were well represented. Trueperella pyogenes turned out to be the most predominant pathogen (18 % of total isolates). Pasteurella multocida was found to be the second (16 % of total isolates) after T. pyogenes. Notably large percentages of Staphylococcus aureus (14 %), both methicillin-sensitive and methicillin-resistant strains, as well as Escherichia coli (13 %), both commensal and pathogenic strains, were found. Other bacterial pathogens that were significant enough to be mentioned individually were Streptococcus dysgalactiae (7 %), Fusobacterium necrophorum (6 %), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (5 %). Fungal pathogens were found less frequently. They were mostly Candida sp. (5 %), as well as Cryptococcus sp. (3 %). It can be noted from these results that bacterial and fungal complications are not only incidental but also common and significant complications that occur as a result of FMD infection. These secondary infections play a vital role complicating the disease pathogenesis. Thus, this research confirmed the urgent necessity of changing the paradigm in the treatment of FMD cases, introducing integrated and holistic treatment approaches, beyond merely supportive therapy of the viral infection.
Clinical and hematological status of dogs with combined liver and kidney pathology
The results of studies are presented in the article on clinical signs and indicators of red blood cell count, hemoglobin content, hemoglobin saturation of red blood cells, as well as white blood cell count in the blood of domestic dogs with combined liver and kidney pathology. The study results of 37 spontaneously diseased animals with the signs of renal dysfunction, acute hepatitis, chronic hepatitis, hypertrophic cirrhosis of the liver, atrophic cirrhosis of the liver, and hepatolipidosis are presented. The aim of the study was to investigate the clinical status of dogs and separate hematological parameters in dogs with liver disease accompanied by nephropathy. The blood test results were statistically processed and compared with the parameters of ten clinically healthy dogs. It was found that the acute course of hepatitis in case of nephropathy was characterized by hyporexia, hepatomegaly, pain syndrome at palpation of the liver (100 %), polyuria, polydipsia (50–70 %), normochromic anemia (the number of red blood cells was 27.7, and the hemoglobin content was by 40.8 % lower compared to the results of clinically healthy animals). Chronic hepatitis was accompanied by hyporexia and depression (90–100 % of animals), thirst and polyuria (80 %), pain in the liver and kidneys at palpation, and the red blood cell count was by 21.5 % lower than that of clinically healthy dogs and hemoglobin – by 20.4 %. Hypertrophic cirrhosis of the liver was characterized by depression, exhaustion, hyporexia, vomiting, signs of nephropathy – polyuria, polydipsia, pain in the kidneys at palpation (80 %), hypochromic anemia (MCH 19.2±1.21 pg), and leukocytosis (14.0±0.79 G/l). Atrophic cirrhosis of the liver, in addition to the above mentioned signs, was accompanied by more pronounced clinical signs of nephrosis (dysuria, pain syndrome). Hepatolipidosis was not accompanied by characteristic signs of nephropathy and was characterized by sporadic hyporexia, anemia (P˂0.01), and leukocytosis (P˂0.05).
Effectiveness of known methods of coproovoscopy for myxtinvasions of the digestive tract of dogs
Urbanization processes are taking place in all regions of the planet. Large and small cities, megacities are being created, which leads to the formation of an urban ecosystem with unique abiotic and biotic factors. All this has a significant impact on the fauna and inhabitants of the urban environment. Special attention is paid to the formation of parasite fauna in domestic dogs - typical representatives of the urban environment of a metropolis, among which a significant proportion are helminthiasis of the digestive tract, which have medical, sanitary and veterinary significance. Lifetime diagnostics of these invasions is an important element of practical veterinary activity, the success of which depends on the correct choice and competent application of appropriate laboratory diagnostic methods. The purpose of the research is to determine the effectiveness of known coproovoscopic flotation methods in the associative course of trichurises, toxocares and dipylidies. The research was conducted in the conditions of the Private Veterinary Clinic "Dovira" (Kharkiv) and the Laboratory of Parasitology of the Poltava State Agrarian University (Poltava). The flotation methods of Kotelnikov-Khrenov (with a solution of ammonium nitrate), Sorokova (with a combined solution of calcium and ammonium nitrate), Petrenko (with a combined solution of calcium nitrate, sugar and sodium chloride), Melnychuk (with a combined solution of calcium nitrate and sodium chloride) were tested in the process of diagnosing parasitocenosis caused by parasitization of trichurises, toxocares and dipylidies. It was established that the tested methods of coproovoscopy detected eggs of trichurises, toxocares and cocoons of dipylidies with different indicators of invasion intensity. The most sensitive method for the simultaneous detection of trichurises, toxocares and dipylidies, regardless of the exposures of coproprobes, was the Melnychuk’s method, which exceeded the effectiveness of the Kotelnikov-Khrenov’s methods by 21.7–73.1 %, 21.9 % and 50.0–54.4 %; Sorokova’s by 21.2–30.9 % and 32.4–49.0 %; Petrenko’s by 27.6 % and 37.2–40.4 %, respectively. The results obtained allow us to recommend the flotation method with a combined solution of calcium nitrate and sodium chloride for effective coproovoscopic diagnostics of the associative course of trichurosis, toxocarosis and dipylidiosis in dogs.
Analysis of screening serological studies of bovine leucosis in separate districts of Poltava region
During the period from 2018 to 2024 in the Regional State Laboratory of the State Food Products’ Consumer Service in Poltava region, the monitoring studies of cattle stock blood serum for leucosis were conducted with the aim to prevent this disease according to the “Plan of conducting diagnostic examinations to prevent contagious diseases”. To carry out epizootic screening, generally adopted (standard) methods of AGID and ELISA were used. The results’ registration was made in nine districts of Poltava region: Hadiach, Chornukhy, Hlobyne, Zinkiv, Novi Sanzhary, Dykanka, Velyka Bahachka, Hrebinka and Lokhvytsia districts. Insignificant increase in the share of positively reacting to leucosis animals were found in Lokhvytsia district where the number of such animals made 0.1% of the total amount. As a result of investigations in 2022, 2023, and 2024, gradual increase in the number of such animals was revealed in Hrebinka district. During these periods, the share of positively reacting cows made 0.5, 0.8, and 3.3 %, respectively. Stable tendency as to decreasing in the number of animals positive to leucosis was observed in Hadiach, Chornukhy, Zinkiv, Novi Sanzhary, Dykanka, and Velyka Bahachka districts. The exact and timely diagnostics of leucosis by using AGID and ELISA methods, which was conducted during the above mentioned period, ensured the absence of animals serologically positive to leucosis in Hadiach, Chornukhy, Zinkiv, Novi Sanzhary, Dykanka, and Velyka Bahachka districts of Poltava region in 2024. Timely revealing by AGID and ELISA methods of animals positive to leucosis on the farms of different forms of property is crucial in the system of measures to prevent bovine leucosis. The revealing of such animals is possible in different periods even on the farms where for a long time all blood serum samples of cattle were negative. This can be connected with various factors: the conditions of keeping, the effect of stress factors, the stock movement, purchase of animals, and long incubation period, during which the specific antibodies to the causative agent are not detected. Therefore, planned serological monitoring and the analysis of the obtained indicators are the basis for the prevention and prognostication of the epizootic situation as to bovine leucosis.
The use of alloxan to induce diabetes in rabbits and some of the changes it causes in the body
Alloxan is frequently used to induce experimental diabetes in animals. Furthermore, by altering the dosage of administered alloxan, it has been extensively utilized to cause experimental diabetes with varying degrees of the disease severity in animals, including dogs, rats, mice, and rabbits. Alloxan significantly and dose-dependently increased blood glucose levels in rabbits. The study’s objectives are to examine the effects of alloxan time effect, changes in pancreatic histopathology, and blood glucose monitoring, administer the preparation to a diabetic rabbit model. Adult local breed rabbits were provided by the College of Kerbala Veterinary Medicine Laboratory Animal Center, where the experiment was conducted. To investigate the animals, they were divided into 2 groups. The rabbits of the first (experimental) group (n=5) received an injection of alloxan monohydrate at a dose of 150 mg/kg body weight. The rabbits from the second group, the control group (n=5), were given an injection of the same volume of isotonic saline. The studies showed that before the start of the experiment, the blood glucose levels of the first and second groups were practically the same, 108.2±146 and 113.0±7.5 mg/dl, respectively. A week after the administration of alloxan monohydrate, the rabbits from the first group showed a sharp increase in glucose levels by 2.9 times (P<0.05) compared to the same indicator before the start of the experiment, which was also 2.8 times higher (P<0.05) than the indicator in the control group of rabbits. It was found that the glucose level in rabbits from the first experimental group during 2, 3, and 4 weeks of the study remained quite high, above 261 mg/dl, which was significantly higher (P<0.05) compared to the indicator before the start of the experiment and compared to the similar indicators in the control group. According to histological pancreas studies from the rabbits treated with alloxan monohydrate, characteristic changes were observed, indicating a negative effect of the administered drug on the cells of the studied organ. In particular, a month after the administration of alloxan monohydrate, dystrophic changes in the population of β-cells were detected in the study of pancreatic islets of Langerhans, characterized by vacuolization of the cytoplasm, pyknosis and karyolysis of the nuclei.
Histochemical analysis of wild rabbits’ ovaries, oviducts, and folliculogenesis
The reproductive system of wild rabbits is highly specific to support their prolific breeding capacity. The histological characteristics of the ovaries and oviducts in wild rabbits, focusing on follicular development, oviductal structure, and functional adaptations are reviewed in this article. Eight wild rabbits were studied in this investigation, using the routine H&E stain and Masson’s trichrome staining for detected collagen fibers. The current research studied the histological features in wild rabbits and found that the animals had lobulated ovaries lined by tall cuboidal germinal layer, followed by thin layer of tunica albuginea. The ovaries exhibit distinct cortical and medullary regions with various stages of follicular growth. The primordial follicles are present and located near the tunica albuginea. In addition, the mature follicles are surrounded by a few fibers (theca interna). Primordial follicles, which are composed of a single layer of flattened granulosa cells surrounding an oocyte, appear to be abundant in the present research. The primary follicles also comprise a single layer of cuboidal granulosa cells enveloping the oocyte, whereas the secondary follicles have a variety of granulosa cells forming, and a theca layer that differentiates into theca externa (fibrous) and theca interna. The stroma of the ovaries has a large amount of collagen fibers and their increase in the cortical region with the decrease in medulla. The oviduct is divided into infundibulum, ampulla, and isthmus, each with unique epithelial and glandular features. The histological structure of the oviduct includes mucosa with ciliated and secretory cells aiding ovum transport and nourishment. Beneath lies the lamina propria for support and immunity. Muscularis mucosae enables movement via contractions. The outer serosa, part of the peritoneum, provides structural support with simple squamous epithelium. Hormonal regulation and seasonal variations also influence these structures. Understanding these histological features provides insights into the reproductive potential of wild rabbits.
Detection and isolation of some Pasteurella spp. in dogs by using bronchial alveolar lavage and molecular techniques
This study was conducted to detect and isolate Pasteurella spp. and to identify abnormalities in some blood traits, cellular changes, and some biochemical values detected in the respiratory tract of infected dogs using bronchial alveolar lavage (BAL) technique and polymerase chain reaction test to confirm infection. The study included a collection of BAL fluid by bronchial alveolar lavage technique from fifty-seven dogs of both sexes in which the signs of respiratory disease cough, dyspnea, sneezing, and nasal discharge were revealed during the period from September 2021 to December 2022. The clinical signs (respiratory rate, pulse rate, and body temperature) were various depending on the stage of the disease. Hematological and biochemical analysis results revealed significant differences between healthy and infected dogs. Compared to healthy dogs, the infected animals showed significant increases in the following parameters: total leukocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, and lymphocytes (by 2.4, 1.9, 1.7, and 3.8 times, respectively, P≤0.01). Conversely, total protein levels tended to decrease, being 1.3 times lower (P≤0.01) than those in clinically healthy dogs. The BALF cytological study showed significant differences in the number of cytological cells among the infected and healthy dogs. Highly significant differences (P≤0.01) were found in the counts of neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes, epithelial cells, and bacterial cells (respectively, by 3.5, 45, 2.8, 2.2, and 12.0 times higher compared to the healthy animals). With a total nucleated cell count of 490 cells, while in healthy dogs 188 cells were recorded, in the diseased dogs those were 2.6 times higher compared to the healthy animals. The results of bacteriological examination and molecular testing using PCR standard showed high effectiveness, allowing the isolation and identification of Pasteurella canis in 17 samples (29.82 %) and Pasteurella stomatis in 5 samples (8.77 %) of the diseased animals.
The scientific journal is included in category B of the List of scientific professional publications of Ukraine, in which the results of thesis papers for Doctor of Sciences, Candidate of Sciences, and Ph.D degrees in agricultural, veterinary, and technical sciences (Order of the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine No. 409 of March 17, 2020 and №886 July 02, 2020) 101 – Ecology; 162 – Biotechnology and Bioengineering; 201 – Agronomy; 202 – Plant Protection and Quarantine; 204 – Technology of Production and Processing of Livestock Products; 211 – Veterinary Medicine; 212 – Veterinary hygiene, sanitation and examination; 208 – Agricultural Engineering